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			Land Management & Natural Hazards Unit	SOIL
European Commission	Joint Research Centre	Institute for Environment and Sustainability		EU Soils Web Site
Soil Atlas of Europe

European soil : a global perspective

Northern latitudes

Cryosol from northen Russia. The wet base of the section is the continuously frozen ground known as permafrost. The bluish-grey zone is known as an active layer where cycles of freezing and thawing cause cryoturbation and mix organic matter into the soil (EM).

A striking example of a Podzol. The pale leached topsoil indicates a loss of iron oxide coatings which subsequently accumulate in the reddish-brown“iron pan” horizon lower down the profile (EM).

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